The Polyvagal Theory: What Is It and How Does it Work?

At its core, the Polyvagal Theory explores the complexities of our nervous system and how it relates to our emotional regulation. In our body, autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. The polyvagal theory suggests that there is more to the ANS that just our our binary response of ‘fight or flight’ (sympathetic nervous system) and ‘rest and digest’ (parasympathetic nervous system). Instead, it introduces a third, critical component: the social engagement system. This is a hybrid form of the nervous system that is alive when we engage with people. In his understanding, the ANS is constantly scanning surroundings for sign of safety or threat. He called this neuroception.

Dr. Porges’ theory focuses on the vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, is the longest and most complex of the cranial nerves. It extends from the brainstem, down through the neck and into the chest and abdomen. The name “vagus” comes from the Latin word for “wandering,” reflecting the nerve’s extensive path through the body. The Polyvagal Theory emphasises the role of the vagus nerve on the nervous system and looks at how it affects the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. The vagus nerve has two branches:

1. Dorsal Vagal Complex (DVC): This is the more primitive part of the vagus nerve, responsible for the ‘freeze’ response in the face of extreme stress. When overactivated, it can lead to shutdown, dissociation, and a sense of helplessness.
2. Ventral Vagal Complex (VVC): This is the more evolved part of the vagus nerve, involved in social communication and emotional regulation. It supports calming and self-soothing behaviours, enabling social interactions and emotional connections.